As 5G commercialization approaches, spectrum has become the most critical and scarce resource in the wireless communication industry. With global efforts to plan 5G frequencies accelerating, China is now taking significant steps toward mid-band 5G deployment. On November 15, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) officially released a notice regarding the use of the 3300-3600MHz and 4800-5000MHz frequency bands for 5G systems. This mid-band allocation is seen as essential for achieving both wide coverage and high capacity, making it the primary choice for early 5G network rollout in China.
Spectrum is a fundamental resource that determines the performance of wireless networks. Compared to earlier generations like 2G, 3G, and 4G, 5G offers significantly higher bandwidth, faster speeds, and supports the connection of up to 100 billion IoT devices. The demand for spectrum in 5G is far greater than the combined needs of all previous mobile communication technologies. To meet the requirements of high-speed broadband, low latency, and massive connectivity, 5G planning involves a "full frequency band" approach, covering high, mid, and low frequencies.
The mid-band spectrum, particularly around 3.5GHz, is considered more mature and widely adopted globally. Many countries have designated this band as the foundation for their 5G networks due to its balance between coverage and capacity. In June 2017, MIIT had already drafted a proposal to allocate the 3300-3600MHz and 4800-5000MHz bands for 5G, marking China as the first country to officially announce mid-band spectrum usage for 5G. An industry insider noted that China's decision has a major impact on the global supply chain, as its market size and influence are unparalleled.
While the mid-band is well-established, the high-frequency millimeter wave band remains controversial. The U.S. has been pushing for 28GHz and 39GHz bands, while China and the EU favor 24GHz solutions. However, millimeter waves face challenges such as limited coverage and high infrastructure costs. According to some experts, using millimeter waves for continuous coverage would require up to 600 times more base stations than 4G, which is not feasible for operators. As a result, millimeter wave planning may be delayed in China until the technology matures.
With 5G commercial timelines moving forward, major Chinese operators have begun experimental networks in 2018, with large-scale trials in 2019 and full commercial deployment by 2020. South Korea and Japan also aim to launch 5G services ahead of the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2020 Tokyo Olympics, respectively. Once the spectrum is allocated, regulators will need to determine how to distribute it among China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom.
Currently, the 3.5GHz band (3400-3600MHz) is more mature and suitable for widespread deployment, while the 4.8GHz band (4800-5000MHz) is still in early testing stages. China Mobile, with strong technical expertise and financial resources, is likely to take the lead in 5G development. However, telecom equipment vendors warn that if the regulator wants to maintain competition, China Mobile might end up handling the less mature 4.8GHz band, which could slow down its overall progress.
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