How far is the transmission distance of the optocoupler?

Optocouplers, also known as opto-isolators, are electronic components that transfer electrical signals between two isolated circuits using light. The basic structure consists of a light-emitting diode (LED), typically an infrared LED, and a photosensor, such as a phototransistor or photoresistor, both housed within the same package. A transparent resin material is used as a medium to transmit the light signal from the emitter to the sensor. Usually, the LED’s pins serve as the input side, while the sensor’s pins act as the output. When power is applied to the input, the LED emits light, which travels through the resin and is detected by the photosensor, converting it into an electrical signal. This process ensures complete electrical isolation between the input and output sides. One of the key advantages of optocouplers is their excellent isolation performance. The input and output terminals are completely electrically separated, with insulation resistance often exceeding 10¹⁰ Ω and withstand voltage ratings that can go beyond 1 kV, even up to 10 kV or more. This makes them ideal for applications where safety and noise reduction are critical. Another important feature is the unidirectional transmission of optical signals. This means that the output does not feed back to the input, effectively preventing unwanted electrical connections between circuits while allowing signal transmission to continue. Additionally, since they rely on light rather than electrical currents, optocouplers are immune to electromagnetic interference, ensuring stable and reliable operation in noisy environments. They also exhibit strong immunity to common-mode interference, making them effective at suppressing noise and improving signal integrity. The spectral compatibility between the light source and the sensor is usually excellent, leading to fast response times and high transmission efficiency. This makes them well-suited for digital logic circuits, where quick and accurate signal transfer is essential. Optocouplers operate without physical contact, resulting in a long lifespan and resistance to mechanical shocks. They also have a wide operating temperature range, meeting industrial and military standards, which makes them suitable for use in harsh environments. In terms of application, different optocoupler models are designed to meet specific requirements. These include higher current transfer ratios (CTR), better linearity, higher insulation voltages, faster speed, and larger capacity. Reducing the voltage drop after conduction improves overall efficiency. The main benefits of optocouplers lie in their high CTR and isolation capabilities, which enhance the reliability of electronic systems. Optocouplers are widely used in separating high-frequency and low-frequency circuits. High-frequency signals generated in one part of a system can interfere with the other, but optocouplers allow the connection of these sections while blocking the high-frequency interference. With various types available, optocouplers offer flexibility in signal transmission and are essential in modern electronics for ensuring safe and efficient communication between isolated circuits.

Solar Energy System

Photovoltaic power generation system is the use of photovoltaic effect to convert solar energy into electricity system, its categories can be divided according to different classification standards. The following is an introduction to the main categories of photovoltaic power generation systems:

First, according to the access to the power grid classification
Grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system
Definition: Connected to the public grid, the generated electrical energy is input to the grid.
Composition: mainly includes photovoltaic array, grid-connected inverter, load and power grid. Grid-connected photovoltaic power generation systems usually do not need to configure batteries, relying on the grid for energy storage regulation.
Application scenario: Suitable for photovoltaic power generation projects of various scales, including large ground power stations, medium-sized industrial and commercial power stations and small household power stations.
Advantages: It can make full use of the power of photovoltaic array, reduce energy loss and reduce system cost. At the same time, the excess energy can be sold to the power company at a profit.
Off-grid photovoltaic power generation system
Definition: photovoltaic power generation system that is not connected to the public grid and operates independently.
Composition: Mainly includes solar modules, controllers, batteries and inverters (if AC is required).
Application scenario: It is usually built in remote areas far from the power grid or used as a mobile portable power supply in the field, such as remote mountains, no power areas, islands, communication base stations and street lights.
Advantages: not subject to regional restrictions, not dependent on the power grid, wide range of use. It can be installed and used wherever there is sunlight.
Second, classified by energy storage device
Photovoltaic power generation system with energy storage device
Features: The system contains energy storage devices such as batteries, which are used to store excess electric energy to ensure that it can still supply power when there is no light or power grid outage.
Application scenario: Applicable to situations where continuous power supply is required, such as communication base stations, hospitals, and data centers.
Photovoltaic power generation system without energy storage device
Features: The system does not contain storage devices such as batteries, and all the generated electricity is directly input into the grid or supplied to the load.
Application scenario: Applicable to areas where the power grid is stable and the light is sufficient, and where users do not have high requirements on the continuity of power supply.
3. Classification by system structure
Centralized grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system
Features: Mainly use desert and other concentrated areas to build large-scale photovoltaic power stations, power generation directly into the public grid, access to high-voltage transmission system.
Application scenario: Suitable for large-scale photovoltaic power generation projects, such as national power stations.
Distributed grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system
Features: Generally built in the vicinity of users, such as industrial plants, public buildings, residential roofs and so on. The electricity produced is mainly for the user's own use.
Application scenario: Suitable for distributed photovoltaic power generation projects of various scales, with the characteristics of small capacity and low voltage level.

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