In standard process-monitoring equipment, the outputs of 4-20mA transducers must be converted to signal voltages suitable for measurement by an A / D converter. Four milliamps in the loop is usually calibrated as zero for the quanTIty being monitored, and should therefore produce 0V at the ADC input. (Non-zero current enables the system to disTInguish a broken loop from the zero-signal condition.)
The circuit in Figure 1 monitors loop current with a current-sense amplifier (IC1), and employs a comparator / reference / op-amp device (IC2) to generate a ground-referenced output that ranges from 0V at 4mA to 5V at the full -scale loop current (20mA). For the resistor values ​​shown (R2-R6), IC1 produces an output at pin 8 of approximately 1.25V at 4mA, and 6.25V at 20mA. In turn, the IC2 op amp (configured as a unity-gain difference amplifier) ​​generates an output range of 0.05V to 5.045V. The IC2 comparator can be used to monitor input voltage or flag a pre-set loop current.
Figure 1. This circuit derives a 0V-5V output from a 4-20mA current-loop signal, using a load resistor of only 10Ω.
The circuit performs well with 1% resistors. Monte Carlo analysis indicates a worst-case output error of 5% due to resistance mismatch alone, but the performance with unmatched components was better than 1% at full-scale. By compensating for the dominant error (about + 50mV of offset error at zero and full-scale), the circuit demonstrated an accuracy of better than 1% across the operating range (ie, from 4mA to 20mA).
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